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vitreoretinal_precursors_retinal_breaks [2026/02/25 17:12] – [Resources] Scott Larsonvitreoretinal_precursors_retinal_breaks [2026/02/25 18:26] (current) Scott Larson
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 ====== Vitreoretinal Precursors of Retinal Breaks ====== ====== Vitreoretinal Precursors of Retinal Breaks ======
-FIXME+
 ====Lattice Degeneration==== ====Lattice Degeneration====
   * Occurs in 8% (6-10%) slightly more than half are unilateral    * Occurs in 8% (6-10%) slightly more than half are unilateral 
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   * Associated with retinal tears, detachments, tractions which may be symptomatic or asymptomatic    * Associated with retinal tears, detachments, tractions which may be symptomatic or asymptomatic 
   * Monitoring recommended if asymptomatic with a consideration for prophylactic treatment in a fellow eye of those with retinal detachment.    * Monitoring recommended if asymptomatic with a consideration for prophylactic treatment in a fellow eye of those with retinal detachment. 
-===Byer's natural history study (423 eyes)=== +===Byer's natural history study of lattice retinal degeneration (423 eyes)=== 
-    * Subclinical retinal detachments 10/423 eyes+    * 276 consecutive patients with average 10.8 years follow-up (1-25 years) 
 +    * Subclinical retinal detachments 2.3% (10/423eyes
       * 1 disc diameter of subretinal fluid on all sides of the break       * 1 disc diameter of subretinal fluid on all sides of the break
       * no extension posterior to the equator.        * no extension posterior to the equator. 
       * treatment needed in 1       * treatment needed in 1
     * Atrophic retinal holes 35%     * Atrophic retinal holes 35%
-    * Tractional retinal tears, asymptomatic 3/423 eyes+    * Tractional retinal tears, asymptomatic 0.7% (3/423 eyes)
       * none treated and none progressed       * none treated and none progressed
-    * Tractional retinal tears, symptomatic 5/423 eyes+    * Tractional retinal tears, symptomatic 1.2%  (5/423 eyes)
       * all treated       * all treated
-    * Retinal detachment 3/423 eyes+    * Retinal detachment 0.7% (3/423 eyes)
       * two due to round retinal holes in lattice lesions       * two due to round retinal holes in lattice lesions
       * 1 from a symptomatic retinal tear       * 1 from a symptomatic retinal tear
     * Recommendations from this study     * Recommendations from this study
-      * Phakic eyes if asymptomatic should not prophylactic treatment +      * Phakic eyes if asymptomatic should not have prophylactic treatment 
       * Retinal detachment in the setting of vitreoretinal traction on lattice lesions containing round retinal holes is relatively common in the setting of significant myopia        * Retinal detachment in the setting of vitreoretinal traction on lattice lesions containing round retinal holes is relatively common in the setting of significant myopia 
  
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 ====Degenerative Retinoschesis==== ====Degenerative Retinoschesis====
 +  * acquired splitting of the retina layers
 +  * Most are over 50 years
 +  * 1-4% of the population over age 50
 +  * Bilateral in 85% and equal male:female 
 +  * associated with hyperopia 
 +  * associated with cystoid generation of the peripheral retina
 +    * cyst-like spaces within the retinal layers
 +    * extent 3 mm posterior to ora
 +    * occur in nearly all adults
 +    * typical type- occurs in outer plexiform layer immediately adjacent to the ora 
 +    * reticular type- occurs in the nerve fiber layer immediately posterior to typical cystoid degeration
 +  * retinal breaks can occur within the inner layer, outer layer or both but do not necessarily cause retinal detachment
 +  * Inner breaks by themselves don't cause retinal detachment
 +  * Retinal detachments divided into two types
 +    * Outer layer hole without inner layer holes with fluid in the subretinal space
 +    * Breaks in the inner and outer layer with fluid in the subretinal space 
 +  * Clinical appearance:
 +    * thin and smooth elevation of peripheral retina
 +    * inferior temporal quadrant in 70%, superior temporal in 30%
 +    * during scleral depression, the entire enclosed structure can be displaced inward 
 +    * small white dots "snowflakes" may be present (thought to be muller cell footplates or neurons that once bridged the cavity)
 +    * sclerotic retinal vessels can occur in the area
 +    * laser will whiten the outer layer
  
 +^ Feature                                ^ Retinoschisis                                          ^ Retinal Detachment                                                         ^
 +| Age                                    | Middle Age to Elderly                                  | Middle Age                                                                 |
 +| Refractive association                 | Hyperopia                                              | Myopia                                                                     |
 +| Symptoms                               | Usually absent                                         | Acute present, Chronic Absent                                              |
 +| Scotoma                                | Absolute                                               | Relative                                                                   |
 +| Vitreous Hemorrhage or Pigment         | Absent                                                 | Common                                                                     |
 +| Location                               | Inferior or Superior Temporal                          | Acute: usually superior, Chronic: usually inferior                         |
 +| Texture                                | Smooth                                                 | Acute: Corrugated, Chronic: smooth                                         |
 +| Muller footplates                      | Common                                                 | Absent                                                                     |
 +| Mobility                               | Relatively immobile                                    | Acute: often very mobile, Chronic: May be relatively immobile              |
 +| Movement with scleral depression       | Moves as a single unit                                 | Height decreases                                                           |
 +| Color with scleral depression          | "White with pressure" may be seen in outer layer       | No "White with pressure"                                                   |
 +| Breaks                                 | May be present                                         | Present                                                                    |
 +| Lattice in elevated area               | Unlikely                                               | Suggestive                                                                 |
 +| Retinal pigment epithelium             | Normal unless retinal detachment present or regressed  | Acute: Normal, Chronic: Atrophy and demarcation lines may be present       |
 +| OCT                                    | Splitting of retinal layers                            | Subretinal fluid                                                           |
 +| Effect of laser through retinal break  | Uptake through inner layer break                       | No uptake through full-thickness break                                     |
 +| Natural history                        | Progression rare or slow                               | Acute: progressive, Chronic: may be non-progressive or slowly progressive  |
 +Adapted from Table 98.1, Ryan's Retina 7th ed, 2023. 
 ====Resources==== ====Resources====
   - [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2780007/ |Long-term natural history of lattice degeneration of the Reina. Byer NE. 1986;96(9):1396-401]]   - [[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2780007/ |Long-term natural history of lattice degeneration of the Reina. Byer NE. 1986;96(9):1396-401]]
-  - [[https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780323722131001189#hl0000667|Ryan'retinal 7th edition, 2023]] +  - [[https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780323722131001189#hl0000667|Ryan'retina, 7th edition, 2023]] 
-  - [[https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780323287920000119#hl0000088 |The Retinal Atlas 2nd edition, 2017]]+  - [[https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780323287920000119#hl0000088 |The Retinal Atlas2nd edition, 2017]]