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ataxia [2022/07/12 03:41] – created Scott Larsonataxia [2025/04/18 20:40] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====== Neuro-Opthalmic Signs in Children with Ataxia ====== ====== Neuro-Opthalmic Signs in Children with Ataxia ======
 ==== Causes of Ataxia ==== ==== Causes of Ataxia ====
-  * Hypoxic-Ischemia enchephalophy+  * Hypoxic-Ischemia enchephalopathy
   * Episodic ataxia   * Episodic ataxia
   * Neuronal ceroid lipofucinosis   * Neuronal ceroid lipofucinosis
-  * Joubert syndrome+  * [[joubert_syndrome|Joubert syndrome]]
   * Neuronal migration disorder   * Neuronal migration disorder
   * Ischemic stroke   * Ischemic stroke
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   * Severe epilepsy   * Severe epilepsy
   * Ataxia telangiectasia   * Ataxia telangiectasia
-  * Angelman syndrome +  * [[angelman_syndrome|Angelman syndrome]] 
  
  
 ==== Common Associations ==== ==== Common Associations ====
 ^ Neuronal-ophthalmic Finding  ^ Frequency  ^ ^ Neuronal-ophthalmic Finding  ^ Frequency  ^
-|   **Afferent**                             ||+|**Afferent**                            ||
 | Decreased visual acuity      | 9%         | | Decreased visual acuity      | 9%         |
 | Abnormal optic discs         | 9%         | | Abnormal optic discs         | 9%         |
 | Abnormal pupils              | 3%         | | Abnormal pupils              | 3%         |
 | Abnormal Visual Fields       | 1%         | | Abnormal Visual Fields       | 1%         |
-|   **Efferent**                 |            |+|**Efferent**                |            |
 | Strabismus                   | 30%        | | Strabismus                   | 30%        |
 | Pathologic nysagmus          | 28%        | | Pathologic nysagmus          | 28%        |
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 | Impaired Ductions            | 2%         | | Impaired Ductions            | 2%         |
  
-{{ ::ataxia_nystagmus_children.pdf |}}+ 
 +^ Ataxia Disorder                  ^ Most Common Association  ^ 
 +| Hypoxic-Ischemic encephalopathy  | Strabismus               | 
 +| Episotic ataxia                  | Nystagmus                | 
 +| Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis   | Abnormal Optic discs     | 
 +| Joubert Syndrome                 | Strabismus               | 
 +| Neuronal Migration Disorder      | Strabismus               | 
 +| Ischemic Stroke                  | Nystagmus                | 
 +| Friedreich Ataxia                | Impaired Saccades        | 
 +| Mitochondrial Disease            | Strabismus/Nystagmus     | 
 +| Severe epilepsy                  | Decreased Visual acuity  | 
 +| Ataxia Telangiectasia            | Impaired smooth pursuit  | 
 +| Angelman Syndrome                | Strabismus               | 
 +- Adapted from Salman et. al. Neuroophthalmology. 2015;39(3):125-131 
 + 
 +==== References ==== 
 + 
 +  * {{ ::ataxia_nystagmus_children.pdf |Neuro-Ophthalmological Findings in Children and Adolescents with Chronic Ataxia. Salman MS. and Chodirker BN. Neuroophthalmology. 2015;39(3):125-131}}